Le goéland mange à l’œil
Aujourd’hui, plein de choses à fêter. D’abord, c’est le retour du Best of Bestioles sur les ondes. Et ça fait plaisir de se retrouver ! Les sujets se sont accumulés durant cette interruption indépendante de notre volonté. Ensuite, c’est la Fête de la gastronomie, du 24 au 26 septembre 2015. Nous allons célébrer cette manisfestation comme il se doit, avec un mets de choix… du moins celui qu’affectionnent certains goélands. La bestiole en question est le goéland dominicain Larus dominicanus qui est à l’hémisphère sud ce qu’est le goéland brun Larus fuscus. Les deux sont reconnaissables à la tâche rouge à l’avant de leur bec.
Un goéland dominicain Larus dominicanus
L’oiseau a eu les honneurs d’un livre paru dans les années 1970, Jonathan Livingston le goéland, écrit par l’Américain Richard Bach, ancien pilote. C’est tout beau et plein de philosophie que l’auteur résume ainsi : « Exigez la liberté comme un droit, soyez ce que vous voulez être. » Michel Sardou l’a bien compris et, avec son parolier, s’est inspiré de cette histoire pour écrire sa chanson Je vole. Remember…
Les goélands dominicains des côtes namibiennes ont dû lire le livre et retenir cette phrase : « Mille années durant, nous avons joué des ailes et du bec pour ramasser des têtes de poisson, mais désormais nous avons une raison de vivre : apprendre, découvrir, être libres ! » En effet, Austin Gallagher, de l’université Carleton, à Ottawa, au Canada, et ses collègues ont montré que ces oiseaux se sont affranchis, en partie, des têtes de poissons pour se tourner vers un met plus délicat : les yeux des bébés phoques !
Pendant 15 ans, les chercheurs ont observé près de 500 cas d’énucléation oculaire de nouveaux-nés d’otaries à fourrure d'Afrique du Sud Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus par des goélands.
Une colonie d’otaries Arctocephalus pusillus à Cape Cross en Namibie. © Hans Hillewaert
Les jeunes otaries, ainsi rendues aveugles, ne peuvent plus retrouver leur mère dont elles sont très dépendantes au début de leur vie.
Un goéland dominicain Larus dominicanus près d’un nouveau-né otarie, en Namibie. © N. Dreyer.
Les victimes deviennent alors très vulnérables et sont à la merci d’assauts répétés qui suivent imanquablement. C’est alors un festin qui s’ensuit, de nombreux oiseaux s’attaquant d’abord au ventre et aux parties génitales des bébé otaries.
Cette stratégie, qui n’a jamais été observée ailleurs, s’expliquerait, selon Austin Gallagher, par l’abondance des otaries dans cette région. Elles sont jusqu’à 80 000 à se réunir sur les côtes namibiennes alors qu’elles n’étaient que quelques centaines en 1998. Les goélands se sont adaptés, et ce d’autant plus facilement qu’ils apprennent facilement de nouveaux comportements en regardant leurs voisins.
Jonathan Livingstone a du travail ici, je présume, pour trouver « le Goéland véritable – celui qui est bon – en chacun de (s)es semblables et à les aider à le découvrir en eux-mêmes. »
Mais ne sombrons pas dans l’anthropomorphisme, et ne jugeons pas ce comportement à l’aune de nos valeurs. Et puis, qui sait, peut-être que les yeux ont un bon goût…
Ils n’ont vraiment pas de chance ces pinnipèdes (le groupe des otaries, des phoques et du morse). Après Un billet précédent : Brigitte Bardot n'aime plus les loutres , voici les bébés otaries énucléés par les goélands. Des oiseaux pourtant si blanc blanc blanc…
Pour en savoir plus :
- Gallagher et al., Kelp gulls prey on the eyes of juvenile Cape fur seals in Namibia, African Journal of Marine Science, prépublication en ligne, août 2015.
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